{"id":20980,"date":"2025-07-08T01:00:52","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T18:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/?p=20980"},"modified":"2025-07-08T05:06:12","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T22:06:12","slug":"hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft: Gang, th\u00e9p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Khai_niem_hop_kim_cua_sat\" >Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Khai_niem_chung\" >Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Khai_niem_gang_la_gi\" >Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Khai_niem_thep_la_gi\" >Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e9p l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Phan_loai_hop_kim_cua_sat\" >Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Gang\" >Gang<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Thep\" >Th\u00e9p<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Tinh_chat_cua_gang_va_thep\" >T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Tinh_chat_cua_gang\" >T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gang<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Tinh_chat_cua_thep\" >T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#San_xuat_hop_kim_cua_sat_nhu_the_nao\" >S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#San_xuat_gang\" >S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#San_xuat_thep\" >S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Cac_ung_dung_hop_kim_cua_sat_gang_va_thep\" >C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Ung_dung_cua_thep\" >\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Ung_dung_cua_gang\" >\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gang<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Bai_tap_ve_hop_kim_cua_sat_sach_giao_khoa_Hoa_hoc_9_kem_loi_giai\" >B\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 k\u00e8m l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Bai_tap_1_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\" >B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 1 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Bai_tap_3_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\" >B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 3 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/hop-kim-cua-sat-gang-thep-la-gi-phan-loai-va-cach-san-xuat\/#Bai_tap_4_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\" >B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 4 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p>S\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cao trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft\u00a0s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/image\/600x480.png\"><\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khai_niem_hop_kim_cua_sat\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p s\u1eaft \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1eaft hay c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1edfi v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat.jpg\" alt=\"H\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khai_niem_chung\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1eaft. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p kim l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Theo \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phi kim ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e9p v\u00e0 gang. Hai \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khai_niem_gang_la_gi\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. Ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u00e0 carbon, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a carbon c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2 \u2013 5%.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec trong gang c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: S, Mn, Si&#8230; M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng gang gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n s\u1eaft. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i gang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gang tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 gang x\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khai_niem_thep_la_gi\"><\/span>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e9p l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Th\u00e9p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. Theo \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e9p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi cacbon c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 2%. So v\u1edbi s\u1eaft th\u00ec th\u00e9p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0: \u00cdt b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n, c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec th\u00e9p c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng hay c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1y&#8230; \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phan_loai_hop_kim_cua_sat\"><\/span>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C\u1ea3 gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-2.jpg\" alt=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gang\"><\/span>Gang<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang x\u00e1m: Gang x\u00e1m c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u silic v\u00e0 carbon h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gang tr\u1eafng. Gang x\u00e1m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u00edt gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7n nay gang x\u00e1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ec7 m\u00e1y&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang tr\u1eafng: Gang tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u00edt silic v\u00e0 carbon h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gang x\u00e1m. Gang tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gang tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang graphit: Gang graphit c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u00e0 carbon. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n carbon trong \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 2.14% c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 S, , Si, Mn&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang c\u1ea7u: Gang c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m 4.3% nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 C v\u00e0 4.6% nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Si. Gang c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1y&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang d\u1ebbo: Gang d\u1ebbo s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 \u201cgraphit h\u00f3a\u201d t\u1eeb gang tr\u1eafng. Gang d\u1ebbo c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, t\u00ednh d\u1ebbo t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thep\"><\/span>Th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft, th\u00e9p hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gang tuy nhi\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon trong th\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 2%. Hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u00e9p c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Th\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Cr, Mn v\u00e0 Si. Th\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng: Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt silic, carbon v\u00e0 mangan. Th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tinh_chat_cua_gang_va_thep\"><\/span>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-3.jpg\" alt=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft: Gang, th\u00e9p. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tinh_chat_cua_gang\"><\/span>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gang<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n cao, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, kh\u00f3 gia c\u00f4ng h\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gang graphit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1edfi ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Trong gia c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, gang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n m\u00e1y, v\u1ecf m\u00e1y, tr\u1ee5c khu\u1ef7u, b\u00e1nh \u0111ai, b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, b\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e0, tr\u1ee5c c\u00e1n, \u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang x\u00e1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f3 r\u00e8n, ch\u1ed1ng u\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ngu\u1ed9i n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gia c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fac b\u1edfi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u00f2n, c\u1ee9ng, t\u00ednh c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang d\u1ec5 n\u1ea5u luy\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n cao, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 lo\u00e3ng ch\u1ea3y cao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng cao, ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n, t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i\u00a0 m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed1ng va \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y kho\u1ea3ng 1150 \u2013 1200 \u0111\u1ed9 C.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tinh_chat_cua_thep\"><\/span>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p ch\u1ecbu va \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p b\u1ecb h\u00f3a d\u1ebbo \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 500 \u2013 600 \u0111\u1ed9 C.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -50 \u0111\u1ed9 C th\u00ec th\u00e9p r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"San_xuat_hop_kim_cua_sat_nhu_the_nao\"><\/span>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u1eady gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-4_(1).jpg\" alt=\"Gang th\u00e9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"San_xuat_gang\"><\/span>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 than c\u1ed1c. Theo \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m hematit (ch\u1ee9a Fe2O3), qu\u1eb7ng manhetit (ch\u1ee9a Fe3O4). T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft \u1edf H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i hay Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than c\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 gi\u00e0u oxi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i CaCO3&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang: Gang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00f9ng cacbon oxit \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed oxit s\u1eaft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-7.png\" alt=\"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p. (\u1ea2nh: Ch\u1ee5p m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Qu\u1eb7ng, than c\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1eeba v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xen k\u1ebd. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean. Khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed CO.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C(r) + O2(k) \u2192 CO2(k)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C(r) + CO2(k) \u2192 2CO(k)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Kh\u00ed CO s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed oxit s\u1eaft trong qu\u1eb7ng th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft. C\u00e1c oxit kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 trong qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Si, Mn&#8230; S\u1eaft khi n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y s\u1ebd h\u00f2a tan m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf carbon c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh gang l\u1ecfng ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u1ed3i l\u00f2 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua c\u1eeda th\u00e1o gang.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">3CO(r) + Fe2O3(r) \u2192 3CO2(k) + 2Fe(r) (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u0110\u00e1 v\u00f4i khi ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CaO. Khi \u0111\u00f3, CaO s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c oxit SiO2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">CaO(r) + SiO2(r) \u2192 CaSiO3(k) (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Kh\u00ed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh trong l\u00f2 cao s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra th\u00f4ng qua mi\u1ec7ng l\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"San_xuat_thep\"><\/span>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p: Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gang, kh\u00ed oxi v\u00e0 s\u1eaft ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p: Th\u00e9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i, phi kim. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi gang nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 mangan, silic, carbon&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p: Th\u00e9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 bet-x\u01a1-me. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p, kh\u00ed oxi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1ng gang n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Kh\u00ed oxi s\u1ebd oxi h\u00f3a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 trong gang nh\u01b0 P, S, Si, Mn, C&#8230; v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C + O2 \u2192 CO2(k) (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9)<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Xem th\u00eam:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nh\u00f4m l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i g\u00ec? C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m<\/li>\n<li>Mu\u1ed1i kali nitrat (KNO3): \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_ung_dung_hop_kim_cua_sat_gang_va_thep\"><\/span>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ung_dung_cua_thep\"><\/span>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Theo \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-5.jpg\" alt=\"V\u1ecf t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p. (\u1ea2nh: S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Internet)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u: Th\u00e9p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u. Th\u00e9p khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e1t m\u1ecfng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf t\u00e0u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng: Th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u00e9p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh giao th\u00f4ng, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ung_dung_cua_gang\"><\/span>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gang<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, gang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y, n\u1ed3i, n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u00edt ch\u1ecbu va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n, ma s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ecf m\u00e1y, b\u1ec7 m\u00e1y, th\u00e2n m\u00e1y, h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1, h\u1ed9p m\u00e1y, \u0111\u0129a phanh, xi lanh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, \u0111\u0129a b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ea5u \u0103n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bai_tap_ve_hop_kim_cua_sat_sach_giao_khoa_Hoa_hoc_9_kem_loi_giai\"><\/span>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 k\u00e8m l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">H\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9. B\u1edfi v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i t\u1eadp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 gang, th\u00e9p. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https:\/\/vnmedia2.monkeyuni.net\/upload\/web\/img\/hop-kim-cua-sat-6.jpg\" alt=\"L\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft. (\u1ea2nh: Shutterstock.com)\" width=\"100%\"><\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bai_tap_1_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\"><\/span>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 1 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-size: medium;font-weight: 400\">\u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim? Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 gang, th\u00e9p? N\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"font-size: medium;font-weight: 400\">B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-size: medium;font-weight: 400\">\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i hay h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p phi kim, kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Th\u00e9p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi cacbon c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p th\u00ec carbon ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm d\u01b0\u1edbi 2%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Gang l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi cacbon c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a carbon chi\u1ebfm t\u1eeb 2 \u2013 5%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a gang: Gang tr\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p, gang x\u00e1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p: Th\u00e9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e1y, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bai_tap_3_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\"><\/span>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 3 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc luy\u1ec7n gang th\u00e0nh th\u00e9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Gang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh th\u00e9p th\u00f4ng qua nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf gang ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 mangan, silic, carbon&#8230;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Kh\u00ed oxi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1ng gang \u0111ang n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. Kh\u00ed oxi s\u1ebd oxi h\u00f3a s\u1eaft th\u00e0nh FeO. FeO s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong gang nh\u01b0: S, P, Si, Mn, C. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2Fe + O2 \u2192 2FeO<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">FeO + C \u2192 Fe + CO<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">2FeO + Si \u2192 2Fe + SiO2<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">FeO + Mn \u2192 Fe + MnO.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bai_tap_4_SGK_Hoa_hoc_9_trang_63\"><\/span>B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 4 (SGK H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 trang 63)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: Nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (CO2, SO2 &#8230;) trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang, th\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh? D\u1eabn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Th\u1eed n\u00eau bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 g\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang th\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n gang, nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 SO2, CO2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Kh\u00ed SO2 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">L\u00e0m cho n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 axit trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">SO2 + H2O \u2192 H2SO3<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">H2SO3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh H2SO4.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">CO2 + H2O \u2192 H2CO3<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean ho\u00e0n x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai xanh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed CO2.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Shining Home &#8211; Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Anh Ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/\">http:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/<\/a> T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/author\/nguyenlandung\">Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n d\u0169ng<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cao trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft\u00a0s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1eefu \u00edch. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p kim&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kien-thuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20980","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20980"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20980\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24931,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20980\/revisions\/24931"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ckconitsha.com\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}